Neha BaruahThe World Health Organization (WHO) has classified encephalitis as a significant public health concern. This recognition follows increasing cases and under-reporting in India. Health experts emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive national strategy to tackle the disease effectively.
Understanding Encephalitis in India
Encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by various factors, including viral infections and autoimmune reactions. The primary viral cause in India is the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus widespread in Southeast Asia.
India bears a heavy disease burden, with the National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) reporting high incidence rates, particularly in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
Recent Outbreaks in India
A severe outbreak of the Chandipura virus (CHPV) in 2024 led to 245 reported cases of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES). Children under 15 years old were the most affected, exhibiting symptoms such as fever and convulsions. This outbreak underscored the vulnerability of young populations and highlighted the need for urgent, effective response mechanisms.
Challenges in Reporting and Diagnosis
A major challenge in combating encephalitis is the absence of a unified reporting system. Data collection remains inconsistent, often surfacing only during outbreaks. Routine surveillance is lacking, leading to significant under-reporting. Furthermore, the limited availability of rapid diagnostic tools in rural areas hampers early detection and intervention.
The Importance of Training and Public Awareness
Enhancing the training of frontline health workers is critical for early symptom detection. Key signs like sensitivity to light, persistent headaches, and behavioral changes must be recognized swiftly to ensure prompt medical response. Public education on prevention strategies is equally essential to mitigate the spread of the disease.
Strategies for Prevention
A proactive approach is vital to preventing encephalitis. Unlike tuberculosis, India does not have a dedicated encephalitis programme. While vaccination drives exist for JEV, awareness and preventive measures for other forms of encephalitis remain inadequate. Effective mosquito control, proper waste disposal, and educating communities on avoiding water stagnation—especially during monsoons—are crucial steps in disease prevention.
Advocacy for a Dedicated Encephalitis Programme
Health experts strongly recommend the establishment of a specialized encephalitis prevention and control programme. This initiative would focus on improving vaccination coverage, streamlining diagnosis, and enhancing surveillance efforts. Implementing such a programme could significantly reduce the disease burden and lead to better public health outcomes in India.
Neha Baruah
Professor
Asik Syed
