Neha BaruahWorld Wetlands Day
Every year, on February 2, World Wetlands Day is celebrated to raise awareness about the importance of wetlands in sustaining life on Earth. The 2025 theme, Protecting Wetlands for Our Common Future, emphasizes the vital role wetlands play in maintaining ecological balance. In line with this, India has expanded its commitment to preserving these ecosystems by designating four new Ramsar sites. These include Udhwa Lake in Jharkhand, Theerthangal and Sakkarakottai in Tamil Nadu, and Khecheopalri in Sikkim, further reinforcing India’s dedication to wetland conservation.
What Are Wetlands?
Wetlands are areas where water saturates the soil, either continuously or seasonally. These areas—such as marshes, swamps, and lakes—are rich in biodiversity, providing essential habitats for a variety of species, including migratory birds and aquatic organisms. They also play a crucial role in water conservation by replenishing groundwater and regulating floodwaters. Additionally, wetlands support local fisheries and communities, acting as carbon sinks and absorbing more carbon than they emit.
The Ramsar Convention: A Global Commitment to Wetlands
Founded in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, the Ramsar Convention is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation of wetlands. It defines wetlands as areas where water is present, whether natural or artificial. Ramsar sites are recognized globally for their ecological significance and are protected to ensure the health of ecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity.
Key Wetlands in India
India is home to 89 Ramsar sites, with Tamil Nadu hosting the highest number at 20. Punjab has six important wetlands, including Harike Pattan, the largest in North India. These sites are critical for migratory birds, including the Siberian crane. Other significant wetlands in the region include Kanjli, Ropar, and Nangal, which support a variety of wildlife, such as fish, turtles, and numerous bird species.
Declining Migratory Bird Populations in Punjab
Recent studies have shown a worrying decline in migratory bird populations in Punjab. The 2023-24 bird census reported a 13.7% drop in bird numbers across six protected wetlands. Kanjli Wetland, in particular, experienced a nearly 49.49% decrease in bird populations over the past two years. However, there has been a slight increase in the diversity of bird species visiting these sites.
The Growing Threats to Wetlands
Wetlands around the world face numerous threats, many of which stem from human activities. Industrial pollution contaminates water, while illegal sand mining disrupts water retention and aquatic habitats. Agricultural practices, particularly pesticide use, also harm wildlife. Moreover, climate change is exacerbating these challenges, contributing to rising temperatures and altered weather patterns that impact wetland ecosystems.
Protecting Wetlands: What Can Be Done?
To safeguard wetlands for future generations, a range of conservation measures must be implemented. Afforestation with native trees can help restore degraded ecosystems, while soil conservation practices can improve land health. Strengthening regulations to prevent illegal mining and promoting public awareness campaigns are essential steps. Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is also crucial to ensure sustainable wetland management and protection.
In conclusion, World Wetlands Day serves as a reminder of the essential role wetlands play in sustaining life and the environment. By working together and committing to their protection, we can ensure these ecosystems continue to thrive for future generations.
Neha Baruah
