India’s Next-Gen LOX-Methane Engine

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is making strides in rocket technology with the development of a LOX-methane engine for its Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). This cutting-edge propulsion system features a reusable booster stage along with two expendable upper stages, designed to offer enhanced mission flexibility through multiple restarts. Recent successful tests of a spark torch igniter mark a major step forward in this ambitious initiative.

What is a LOX-Methane Engine?

A LOX-methane engine operates using liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer and methane as the fuel. Methane is often referred to as the fuel of the future in space exploration due to its ability to be synthesized from water and carbon dioxide found in space. This makes it an ideal choice for long-term interplanetary missions, such as those to Mars.

The Power of Multiple Restarts

One of the standout features of this new engine is its ability to restart multiple times. This is critical for:

✔ Booster stage recovery – enabling reusable rockets.
✔ Upper stage flexibility – allowing mid-flight adjustments for precise mission execution.

This adaptability ensures rockets can respond to changing mission needs, making space exploration more efficient.

Breakthrough in Ignition: Spark Torch Igniter

ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is at the forefront of developing a spark torch igniter for this engine. Designed to provide:

🔹 Higher ignition reliability
🔹 Cleaner combustion

A major milestone was achieved with a successful test of this igniter, using gaseous oxygen and hydrogen—paving the way for safer and more efficient ignition systems.

Moving Away from Hydrazine: A Safer Alternative

ISRO currently relies on hydrazine-based fuels, which pose serious health risks due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties. The transition to methane aligns with a global movement towards greener, safer, and more efficient fuels, offering benefits such as:

✅ Non-toxicity
✅ Higher specific impulse
✅ Simpler storage and handling

Global Developments in Methane Rocket Engines

India is not alone in the race to develop methane-powered rocket engines. Globally, several space agencies and companies are pushing the boundaries:

🚀 China has successfully developed and tested a LOX-methane engine.
🚀 SpaceX is leading the charge with its Raptor engine, designed for future Mars missions.

This international focus highlights methane’s growing importance in the future of space travel.

Beyond LOX-Methane: Exploring Alternative Fuels

While methane is a promising fuel, research is also expanding into other innovative propellants, such as:

🔹 Hydrogen peroxide-based fuels
🔹 Ammonium di-Nitramide (ADN) fuels

Startups like Manastu Space are pioneering efforts to develop alternative propulsion systems that could revolutionize satellite launches and deep-space missions.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Rocket Propulsion

Advancements in rocket engines and fuels are expected to drastically cut costs and increase the efficiency of space missions. As technology progresses, space exploration is becoming more accessible, sustainable, and adaptable, paving the way for a new era in interplanetary travel.