Sri Surya Pahar: Unveiling the Magnificent Ancient Heritage of Assam

Introduction

Nestled about 12 km southeast of Goalpara town in Assam, Sri Surya Pahar is an extraordinary archaeological site that has remained relatively unexplored by the masses. This site, which was once a thriving center of religious and cultural significance, is home to rock-cut Shiva Lingas, votive stupas, and ancient deities belonging to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Spread over an expansive hilly terrain, it holds a treasure trove of historical artifacts and architectural remnants, making it a crucial site for understanding ancient Assam’s civilization and religious practices.

A Sacred Site of Religious Harmony

Sri Surya Pahar is unique in its representation of three major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Unlike other historical places that predominantly focus on a single religious sect, this site showcases a harmonious blend of beliefs that coexisted centuries ago. The presence of Shiva Lingas, Buddhist stupas, and Jain Tirthankara carvings points to the site’s deep-rooted spiritual and cultural significance.

The Mythological Connection with Pragjyotishpura

The region of Assam has historically been known as Pragjyotishpura, a name that finds mention in ancient texts such as the Kalika Purana. According to legend, Brahma created Pragjyotishpura as an equal to the city of Indra, the King of Devas. The term ‘Prag’ means ‘east,’ while ‘Jyotisha’ relates to astrology, signifying that this was once a hub of astronomical studies. Sri Surya Pahar is believed to have played a crucial role in this ancient civilization.

The Legend of 99,999 Shiva Lingas

One of the most fascinating aspects of Sri Surya Pahar is the belief that Sage Vyasa installed 99,999 Shiva Lingas in the area, intending to create a second Kashi, a place of ultimate spiritual significance. While historical records cannot confirm the exact number, the hills are still dotted with hundreds of Shiva Lingas of varying sizes, many of which remain undiscovered beneath layers of earth and vegetation.

Archaeological Discoveries and Their Significance

Recent excavations at Sri Surya Pahar have revealed stone and terracotta artifacts, temple structures, and ancient dwellings, suggesting that this was once a flourishing settlement. Some of the most notable discoveries include:

• Mahisasuramardini Sculpture: A well-crafted depiction of Goddess Durga slaying the demon Mahishasura.
• Votive Stupas: Around 25 stupas, indicative of early Buddhist influence in Assam, predating the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions seen in Bihar and Bengal.
• Carved Bricks and Terracotta Plaques: These artistic elements provide insights into the architectural brilliance of the past.
• Jain Tirthankara Image: A significant carving of Adinath in a meditative posture with two bulls at the base, believed to date back to the 9th century AD.

These findings suggest that the history of Sri Surya Pahar could potentially reshape our understanding of ancient Assam and its role in India’s historical narrative.

The Influence of Buddhism and Jainism

Apart from being a center for Shaivism, Sri Surya Pahar has remarkable evidence of Buddhist and Jain influences. The presence of Hinayana-style stupas indicates that Buddhism thrived here much earlier than in many other parts of India. Jain influence is evident from the carvings of Tirthankaras, proving that this site was a significant pilgrimage destination for followers of multiple faiths.

The Connection with Chinese Traveler Huen Tsang

Several scholars argue that Sri Surya Pahar, rather than Guwahati, was the true ancient capital of Pragjyotishpura under the rule of Kumar Bhaskara Varman (600-650 AD). This claim is supported by references in the travel records of the Chinese traveler Huen Tsang, who visited the region in the 7th century and described a thriving Buddhist and Hindu cultural hub. Nearby archaeological sites like Paglatek further strengthen this theory.

Artistic and Architectural Marvels

Sri Surya Pahar is not just an archaeological site; it is an open-air museum that showcases the artistic mastery of ancient artisans. The intricate rock carvings, temple ruins, and well-structured stupas exhibit the refined craftsmanship of different eras. The careful arrangement of bricks in the unearthed houses suggests advanced construction techniques that were ahead of their time.

A Modern Sun Temple Amidst the Ruins

While Sri Surya Pahar is primarily known for its ancient heritage, a modern Sun Temple has been built atop the hill, continuing the legacy of sun worship in Assam. Sun worship has been an integral part of Assamese culture since ancient times, further linking this site to the region’s religious traditions.

The Lost Glory and the Need for Conservation

Despite its historical and cultural significance, Sri Surya Pahar remains largely neglected, with many of its relics exposed to natural erosion and human encroachment. Archaeologists and historians emphasize the urgent need for proper excavation and preservation efforts. Scientific documentation of the site’s artifacts can help uncover more hidden secrets and protect its invaluable heritage for future generations.

Conclusion

Sri Surya Pahar is a site of immense historical, religious, and cultural significance. With its rare combination of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain influences, it stands as a testimony to India’s diverse spiritual history. While much remains to be explored, the findings so far indicate that this place played a crucial role in shaping the early civilization of Assam. It is high time that more attention is given to its preservation, ensuring that future generations can witness and appreciate this forgotten jewel of India’s past.

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